11/30/2023 0 Comments Diffraction limited alignmentmore » Diffraction-limited focusing with reflective optics is achieved by spatial filtering and use of a very long, vertically focusing mirror. Reflective optics in Kirkpatrick-Baez geometry will be used to focus X-rays with a bandpass as large as ΔE/E = 10 –2 into a focal spot of 50 nm. The ISN will use diffractive optics to focus X-rays with a bandpass of ΔE/E = 10 –4 into a focal spot of 20 nm or below. Next-generation hard X-ray nanoprobe beamlines such as the In Situ Nanoprobe (ISN) beamline being planned at the Advanced Photon Source aim at providing very high spatial resolution while also enabling very high focused flux, to study complex materials and devices using fast, multidimensional imaging across many length scales. We review the nature of the bending, requirements and approaches to the mechanical design, describe original optical and at-wavelength techniques for optimal tuning of bendable optics and alignment on the beamline, and provide beamline performance of the bendable optics used for sub-micro and nano focusing of soft x-rays. Depending on the applied couples, one can tune the shape close to a desired tangential cylinder, ellipse or parabola. The tangential figure of a flat substrate is changed by placing torques (couples) at each end. This is in contrast to flat optics that are simpler to manufacture and easier to measure by conventional interferometry. Moreover, such optics cannot be easily readjusted for use more » in multiple, different experimental arrangements, e.g. Because fabrication of elliptical surfaces is complicated, the cost of directly fabricated tangential elliptical cylinders is often prohibitive. For simultaneous focusing in the tangential and sagittal directions, two elliptically cylindrical reflecting elements, a Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) pair, are used. We review the recent development of bendable x-ray optics used for focusing of beams of soft and hard x-rays at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) x-ray free electron laser (FEL) at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) National Accelerator Laboratory.
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